Breaking news (at least for me): Malaysia aims to become the major wood pellets producer in Asia (!!!)

According to fordaq, Malaysia is seeking to become Asia's major wood pellets provide!
I'm surprised by this news released. I have not thought that my area of research is heating up in my home country!
Apparently, the demand for wood pellets in Japan, China and South Korea are growing due to implementation of renewable energy policies. The Malaysian authorities (whoever these people are) are planning to cover up to 70% of the total Asian wood pellets demand by year 2020. The Asian demand of wood pellet is projected to grow to about 10 million tons per year.
Comparing to demand forecast in Europe, which is 50 – 80 million tons in year 2020. 10 million tons per year in Asia is quite sizable.
There is even a new organization formed in Malaysia called the Pellet Association of Malaysia (PAM), which aims to gather manufacturers on issues like quality, pricing and volumes.
On the federal government level, a National Biomass Strategy-2020 has been developed to help the pellet industry to reach the proposed targets.

There was a Asian Biomass pellets Conference in Seoul, that was partially sponsored by Pellet Association of Malaysia (PAM). More detail news on this here.

Idea Collection 2

The last time I wrote my FIRST Idea collection was on August 8, 2013! That is more than 2 months ago. Now, I have another stack of paper waiting for me to summarize and compile into a single blog post. The paper stack is not as big as it is shown below, of course. I am trying to avoid that from happening.

So, a number of biggish events have occurred since August 2013. In chronological order, they are:
1. my colleague, Asal Hashemi's MASc Thesis defence on July 9, 2013 on Encapsulation of wood pellets
This taught me about the importance of good photos. Her wood pellets were shown in a straight row. That looks great and the sizes of the wood pellets were compared visually as well.
2. Linoj joined my research group, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Group as a Post-Doctoral Fellow in July 2013. During a group meeting, he mentioned that as graduate students of a research group, we should build on the researches that was done in the group and expand your own research on them
3. a Lab Tour of AMPEL Surface Characterization Laboratory on August 14, 2013. This made me realized that I have a great facility for surface properties analysis just right across the street! The laboratory offers mu-Ranman, SEM-EDX, XPS, ToF-SIMS and other high precision surface analysis.
4. a Visit to Williams Lake Pinnaccle Pellet Plant (image below) on August 20, 2013. This trip was just, "WOW!" Totally an eye-opener! They has no self-heating issues at the plant because the turnover of raw materials and wood pellets are less than 1 week!

IDEAS

1. Oxidation of extractives produce higher energy potential chemical species. Adsorption of this higher energy chemical species might have increased the calorific value of my wood pellet over close storage.
2. In the case of high moisture content, microbial degradation of cellulose & hemicellulose (C&H) especially by brown fungi reduces C&H content, and results in an increase of lignin content
3. On the latest account in October 2013, the price of wood pellet in Europe (German in particular) is €260-€300 per tonne!
4. Methanol formation in Kraft pulp mill is through the demethylation of xylans (i.e. hemicellulose) and lignin by hydroxidie OH- ion through rapid alkaline hydrolysis reaction

COMMENTS

I found that I have so many things and important information that I have written down on pieces of paper. Now that I look back to them, I felt that it is hard to write them all down. There are just so many information. I think I will write another Idea Collection real soon on the technical/research ideas that I have written down.

"Biomass as a renewable source of energy" & "Microalgal protein: a new source of plywood adhesive"

UBC APSC Research Day 2013 went successfully! Below is the projection during the evening reception of the Research Day in UBC Chemical & Biological Engineering Department.

As part of the organizing committee, I have spent almost 80% of my time working on the pre-event preparation and purchase and logistics. Now I finally got a bit of time to post summary of two of the latest literature that came in my google scholar alert.

1. "Biomass as a renewable source of energy"

Drożyner, P., Rejmer, W., Starowicz, P., Klasa, A., & Skibniewska, K. A.. 2013. Biomass as a renewable source of energy. Technical Science.

In this review, the authors actually focuses on the available/suggested technology in/for Poland. I like how biomass-related articles stated the fact that "Energy from renewable sources, although more expensive than conventional energy, has many advantages. It leads to reduction of carbon emission to atmosphere, is compatiable with rules of balanced development [1st time I heard of this], reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and is not as dangerous as atomic energy [LOL, biomass energy IS very dangerous huh...]. 

Biomass can be in solid state (e.g. briquettes, pellets), liquid state (biodiesel, methanol, ethanol) or gas form (biogas, syngas and hydrogen). In Poland, biomass is getting more popular to be used in electricity generation. The author briefly discussed 7 types of biomass sources: (1) energy dedicated willow (short-rotation coppice- SRC Willow), (2) sweet sorghum (shown in picture below), (3) giant miscanthus, (4) Jerusalem artichokes, (5) Oil palm [Oh, this is all over my country, Malaysia], (6) Agricultural wastes, e.g. straw, stems, manure, whey, mollasses. (7) Wastes of food and agricultural industry e.g. peelings, seeds, mill cakes of juice and beer production, distillery stillage, slaughter waste.

Then the article has a shift switch to Methane/biogas production through fermentation. An interesting process mentioned is a two-step production of hydrogen in 1st step and methane in 2nd step through fermentation of Laminario japonic i.e. kelp or Dashi kombu. I like plenty of Dashi stock in my miso soup.

2. "Microalgal protein: a new source of plywood adhesive"

Roy, J. J., Sun, L., & Ji, L. 2013. Microalgal proteins: A new source of raw material for production of plywood adhesive. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1-8.

My supervisor, Dr. S, mentioned that I might be working on understand the adhesives that bind wood pellets together. So, this will be my 1st review of adhesive literature on my blog.

Adhesives is predominantly based on urea or melamine formaldehyde technology. Formaldehyde has been recognized as human carcinogen. Thus, a safer, more sustainable method of adhesive production has to be introduced. Compared with plants, microalgae are more productive for biomass and proteins. They do not compete directly for farm land. Algal proteins have a much more balanced composition of amino acids. The reactive groups in these amino acids can be effectively used for chemical modification and cross-linking to improve the bonding quality of algae-base adhesive. 

The author produced Type II adhesive (Interior-use plywood adhesive, only slightly water resistant) from dry algal cells (Spirulina platensis and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). They noted that protein in SPPI (Spirulina Platensis Protein Isolate) were already denatured in the preparation process and were not present as protein bodies as in soybean floor. Nevertheless, NaOH treatment of the protein isolate still signficantly improved the adhesive strength. CRPI (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Protein Isolate) made better plywood adhesive as it showed better adhesive strength and water resistance than SPPI, shown similar level as SPI (soy protein isolate). Overall, the microalgal protein isolates showed promising adhesive properties that meet the type II plywood standard. Glyoxal was found to be the best cross-linker for these two algae proteins. 

Introduction to Matlab

I wish to keep a record of my scanned file here.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/0wh0r411tmnx3cb/Introduction%20to%20Matlab.pdf

It is a freaking 3MB file....

The PDF is from Appendix A of Numerical Methods for Chemical Engineers with MATLAB application by Constantinides and Mostoufi (2000).

The thing is most important thing on this pdf is that, to import data,
we can type

load f3.txt

where f3 is a text file with an .txt extension